The Plumbers Forecast: Plumbing Trends to Watch in 2025

Woodstock, Georgia
City
Downtown Woodstock
Flag Seal
Show Woodstock Show Cherokee County Show Georgia Show the United States
Coordinates: 34°06′05″N 84°31′10″W / 34.10139°N 84.51944°W / 34.10139; -84.51944
Country	United States
State	Georgia
County	Cherokee
Government
• Mayor	Michael Caldwell (R)
Area [1]
• Total	12.67 sq mi (32.81 km2)
• Land	12.56 sq mi (32.53 km2)
• Water	0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2)
Elevation	968 ft (291 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	35,065
• Density	2,792.02/sq mi (1,078.04/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	30188–30189
Area code	770/678/470
FIPS code	13-84176[2]
GNIS feature ID	0333462[3]
Website	woodstockga.gov

Woodstock is a city in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States. The population was 35,065 as of 2020 according to the US Census Bureau.^[4]

Originally a stop on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Woodstock is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. The city was the tenth fastest-growing suburb in the United States in 2007.^[5] Woodstock is the 28th most-populous city in Georgia and ranked 16th for population density out of 538 municipalities.^[4]

Native Americans were removed from the area.^[6]

The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Woodstock as a town in 1897.^[7] The community derives its name from Woodstock, an 1826 novel by Walter Scott.^[8]

The Woodstock Depot was built in 1912 by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad as the town grew. The line transported cotton, rope, and other agricultural products, as well as passengers. Passenger service ended in 1949.^[9]

According to the United States Census Bureau, Woodstock has a total area of 11.3 square miles (29.2 km²), of which 11.2 square miles (28.9 km²) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km²), or 0.92%, is water.^[10]

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 35,065 people, 12,878 households, and 8,464 families residing in the city.

As of the census of 2010,^[13] there were 23,896 people, 9,580 households, and 6,137 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,715.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,048.4/km²). There were 10,298 housing units at an average density of 1,170.2 per square mile (451.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.3% White, 10.2% African American, 0.2% American Indian, 4.5% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.7% of the population.

There were 9,580 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. Of all households, 29.3% were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 37.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $58,506, and the median income for a family was $65,740. Males had a median income of $48,054 versus $32,798 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,586. About 2.2% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

As of the census of 2000, there are 10,050 people, 3,869 households, and 2,627 families residing in the city. The population density is 440.4/km² (1,140.4/mi²). There are 4,102 housing units at an average density of 179.8 persons/km² (465.5 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 89.42% White, 5.05% African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.66% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.94% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. 4.94% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 3,869 households out of which 37.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% are married couples living together, 9.5% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 32.1% are non-families. Of all households, 26.1% are made up of individuals and 6.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 3.10.

In the city the population age distribution is 26.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 39.0% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $58,506, and the median income for a family is $65,740. Males have a median income of $48,054 versus $32,798 for females. The per capita income for the city is $25,586. 4.2% of the population and 2.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.0% are under the age of 18 and 8.6% are 65 or older.

On May 25, 2009, the city of Woodstock unveiled the new Woodstock Memorial, 10 tons of polished granite dedicated to Woodstock veterans. It reads: "To the men and women of Woodstock, Georgia who served in the armed forces of our country preserving our freedom and our way of life Erected in their honor - May 2009".^[14][15]

A one-lane bridge over Kellogg Creek along Kemp Drive was named after 15-year-old Katie Hamlin, who was murdered in 2002.^[16]

The Greenprints Project^[17] calls for the construction of trails along the city's natural areas like the Little River, Noonday Creek, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' property, and in the city's core areas. Bike lanes, which within the project are considered trails, would be built along roads throughout the city.

The proposed trails would connect with existing trails elsewhere in Cherokee County as well as in the cities of Roswell and Alpharetta and Cobb County. The project also would preserve greenspace throughout the city and create new parks.

Greenprints Alliance, Inc. is a grassroots citizen action group formed in spring 2009 to advance the city of Woodstock's green infrastructure master plan known as the Greenprints Project. When complete, the project will add over 60 miles (97 km) of trails throughout the city connecting every public place, shopping area and neighborhood.^[18]

• Interstate 575
• State Route 92

• Noonday Creek Trail
• Serenade Trail
• Trestle Rock Trail

Woodstock maintains its own fire and police departments. As of January 2018, the fire department had two fire stations and 44 certified fire fighters. The fire department is commanded by Dave Soumas.^[19] The police department is composed of four divisions with 54 sworn officers. Calvin Moss is the Chief of Police.^[20] They are the largest municipal police department in Cherokee County, responsible for 11 square miles (28 km²) and over 23,000 residents (as of October, 2007).^[21]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock, Georgia.

• City of Woodstock official website

Plumber

Residential plumber at work.
Occupation
Occupation type	Vocational
Activity sectors	Construction
Description
Education required	Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Apprenticeship
Related jobs	Carpenter, electrician

A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, hot-water production, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems.^[1][2]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023)

The origin of the word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.^[3][4] Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes^[5] and some were also covered with lead; lead was also used for piping and for making baths.^[6] The Latin for lead is plumbum. In medieval times, anyone who worked with lead was referred to as a plumber; this can be seen from an extract about workmen fixing a roof in Westminster Palace; they were referred to as plumbers: "To Gilbert de Westminster, plumber, working about the roof of the pantry of the little hall, covering it with lead, and about various defects in the roof of the little hall".^[7]

Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

Common plumbing tasks and skills include:

• Reading drawings and specifications, to determine the layout of water supply, waste, and venting systems
• Detecting faults in plumbing appliances and systems, and correctly diagnosing their causes
• Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing fixtures and systems
• Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in walls and floors
• Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or machines
• Joining pipes and fittings together using soldering techniques, compression fittings, threaded fittings, solvent weld, crimp and push-fit fittings.
• Testing pipes for leaks using air or water pressure gauges
• Paying attention, in all work undertaken, to legal regulations and safety issues
• Ensuring that all safety standards and building regulations are met.

Plumbing work is defined in the Australian Standards (AS3500) Regulations 2013 and refers to any operation, work or process in connection with installation, removal, demolition, replacement, alteration, maintenance or repair to the system of pipes and fixtures that conveys clean water into and liquid waste out of a building.

To become a licensed plumber a four-year apprenticeship and a Certificate III in Plumbing is required. As part of this course, instruction in the basics of gas fitting will be undertaken. Upon completion, these basics in gas fitting will allow the plumber to not only apply for their plumbing license but also an interim gas license, and carry out gas work under the supervision of a fully qualified gas fitter.

To obtain a full gas license from the Department of Mines and Energy, the plumber will need to have worked on an interim gas license for a minimum period of twelve months and successfully completed a Certificate IV in Plumbing.

In Canada, licensing requirements differ by province; however, the provinces have pooled resources to develop an Interprovincial Program Guide that developed and now maintains apprenticeship training standards across all provinces. The Red Seal Program, formally known as the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program, is a program that sets common standards to assess the skills of tradespeople across Canada.^[8] The Red Seal, when affixed to a provincial or territorial trade certificate, indicates that a tradesperson has demonstrated the knowledge required for the national standard in that trade.

Plumbing is not regulated in Colombia, so anyone can provide this service. Plumbers usually learn the trade because their families work in the construction industry, and they specialize in this field, but anyone can legally offer plumbing services. The most popular training institution for trades is SENA, a public school that provides high-quality education, though it is not mandatory.

In Ireland, a four-year apprenticeship plus qualification exam was necessary for someone to practice professionally. Accreditation of businesses is of great help in order to show their credibility and experience in the job.

National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) remained the main form of plumbing qualification until they were superseded in 2008 by the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF)^[9] and then again, in 2015, into the National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom. The terms NVQ and SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) are still widely used.^[10]

Plumbers in the United Kingdom are required to pass Level 2 and Level 3 vocational requirements of the City and Guilds of London Institute. There are several regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom providing accredited plumbing qualifications, including City and Guilds of London Institute and Pearson PLC.^[11]

Each state and locality may have its own licensing and taxing schemes for plumbers. Some states license journeymen and master plumbers separately, while others license only master plumbers. To become licensed, plumbers must meet standards for training and experience, and in most cases, pass a certification exam.^[12] There is no federal law establishing licenses for plumbers.^[13]

There are many types of dangers to a plumber. These include electric shock, strains and sprains, cuts and lacerations, bruises and contusions, fractures, burns and scalds, foreign bodies in the eye, and hernias.^[14] Working at height or in confined spaces, or working with lead and asbestos are all on-site dangers that plumbers can face.^[15]

Plumbers risk infections^[16] when dealing with human waste while repairing sewage systems. Microbes can be excreted in the faecal matter or vomit of the sufferer onto the toilet or sewage pipes. Human waste can contain infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.

The term "White House Plumbers" was a popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established on July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Their job was to plug intelligence "leaks" in the U.S. Government relating to the Vietnam War (i.e. the Pentagon Papers); hence the term "plumbers".^[17]

• Pipefitter
• Piping